Who Will Help You an Example by

Who Will Help You? If you fell off a bike, or be run over by a car, who would help you? Chances are there wouldnt be anybody to help you. But dont equate it with hostile people; most of the not helping incidents are actually effects of people deciding whether or not to help. The time that should have devoted to helping were spent on contemplating to help or not. Need essay sample on "Who Will Help You?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed In the Moriarty study, it was found out that commitment to the victims before the incident(s) (e.g. burglary, murder) will mostly determine whether or not people will you. Two experiments were conducted in the study. The first experiment was done in the Jones Beach, New York where cases of thefts were staged. The results showed that only 23 out of the 40 subjects who noticed the theft were responsive and tried to catch the thief. Meanwhile, the second experiment was done in two Automat eateries. The results showed that nine (56%) out of the 16 subjects who noticed the theft was responsive to the robbery. The results of the two experiments showed that people who have had prior contact with the victim will usually respond. This prior commitment to the victim, if the need should arise, was termed as prior decision. One of the reasons of helping is because they feel personally responsible, if only little. The second is that the subject appreciates the trust put in him by the victim. Another is because the subject may feel psychological dissonance if his/her overt behavior does not comply with his/her spoken statements. And the last reason is to avoid being blamed for letting the incident happen (Moriarty, 1975, p. 376). (please insert how experiment was performed here) In the experiment, nine out of the ten subjects looked at the stimulus person. In the no physical contact (NPC) condition, only one subject out of the five did not look at the stimulus person while all the subjects in the direct physical contact (DPC) condition looked. The one who did not look was a female. This might be due to several or a combination of reasons. One reason might be because there was no direct physical contact involved, the subject had no reason to look at stimulus generator. Except for the one who ignored the stimulus person, all other subjects helped. Everybody in the DPC condition helped the subjects while only one in the NPC condition did not help the subject. Six out of the ten subjects spoke to the stimulus generator. Only one out of the five DPC subjects did not speak to the stimulus person. In the NPC condition, three out of the five subjects did not speak to the stimulus person as they were picking up the books. One of the reason for this was because the stimulus person was a female and the subject was also a female as females do not tend to help other females. Another one might be because the subject, in the first place, was already ignored. The subjects in the DPC conditions were also recorded to be friendlier than the subjects in the NPC condition. In the DPC condition, four out of five subjects were friendly while in the NPC condition, only two out of the five subjects were friendly. If the direct contact prior to the accident be interpreted as a prior commitment to the stimulus person, then the data supports the hypothesis that persons with commitment to the victim/subject prior to the incident has tendency to help the victim/subject. All the DPC persons helped the subject to pick up her books. On the other hand, not all of the subjects in the NPC condition picked up the stimulus persons books. If the direct contact is interpreted as a prior commitment to the victim, then we could say that the subjects in the DPC condition helped because of the reasons cited above by Moriarty. There were also differences between males and females helping out the victims however, the difference is not significant as there was only one person, a female, who did not help the stimulus person. Out of all the persons who helped the stimulus person, six of them The study was not able to utilize a male stimulus person so observing whether males tended to help other males more or vice versa is not applicable. However, it was observed that both males and females help females. It was further observed that of the six persons who spoke to the stimulus person, four of them were males. The hypothesis of this study does not completely refute that of Moriartys however it also does not completely agree with it. One of the alternative hypotheses the study proposes is that the help extended will also be in contrast to the amount of effort to be exerted by the subject. That is to say, the more effort the subject will have to exert, the less the possibility of the compliance with the request. For example, if the subject is asked to pick up a book in front of him, it is likely that s/he will pick it up. However, if a subject is asked to pick up a book that was dropped somewhere in the room, it is likely that the subject will think about it first. Another criterion is the degree of favor to be asked from the subject. If, for example, a subject was asked to pick up a book in front of him, then the subject is most likely to respond positively to the request. If, for example however, the subject was asked to pursue a suspect in a robbery, as was the case in the second, it is more likely that the subject will negatively respond to the request. The experiment conducted in this study showed a 90% rate of success as opposed to Moriartys second experiment which showed only 56% rate of success. And the third criterion is whether or not the subject is alone or with somebody. There might be different results if the subject were all by himself than if say the subject were with his gang members or his/her girl/boyfriend. There may also be other variables not taken into consideration while making this study. The use of male stimulus person was one and this study further recommends that another study be made utilizing a male stimulus person. It is also recommended that this study and the proposed study be counter evaluated to produce a more accurate result in relation to the same sex or opposite sex functions of this study. Another variable that might have affected this study is that other people in the test may have passed by before an earlier test was being conducted. That is, a subject has already seen the test before and is already conscious of the on-going test. The subject was already sensitized to the test and has therefore produced the desired effects, or at least the perceived desired effects, of the experimenters. The test the subject has previously seen may or may not be the ones conducted by this study. The subject may have passed other studies, like the experiment in this study, conducted by other groups. The subject may then be sensitized to the study conducted on this experiment. References Moriarty, Thomas. (1975) Crime, commitment and the responsive bystander: two field experiments. Journal of Personality and Social Pschology, Volume 31 (2), pages 370-376.

Islamic banking sector

Islamic banking sector Abstract Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), has a vibrant Islamic banking sector. The region has over 50 banks with upwards of 40 foreign banks office representatives. Largely oil revenues fuel the United Arab Emirates economy, which serves as an enhancement for profitability of these banks.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Islamic banking sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The key aspects of the Islamic banks in the region are the profit and loss sharing, transparent dealing, lack of interest, lack of speculation and no gambling. The banks also do not deal with unethical business and have just policies of employment. Dubai bank is the example used to support the Islamic bank concept in the Middle East. Many previous works have been undertaken in this field with no clear-cut research on its drawbacks. This document aims to support research on the customer perspective of the benefits and loops of the Isl amic banking concept. Customers of the Islamic banks weigh various options while considering the services offered. The banks are non-remunerative with extra returns for depositors of deposit accounts. There is greater risk in adjusted returns for customers who invest in Islamic banks indices. This study aims to characterize the problems endured by the Islamic banks and together with their customers. Secondary data studies were used as customer sample from Dubai bank. Findings will indicate the problems encountered by the Islamic banks. The study will look into the legal system, political issues, risks, low profitability, loans, lending rates, management and limited transparency. The quality of service that is offered and client problems will also be looked into. Introduction Background Information The new millennia brought in new features and changes in the banking industry key of them being banking systems. The tremendous changes in the industry can be linked to the need for better customer friendly service.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These custom-made changes were to aligned to maintain completion with other institutions in the same field and keep up with economic and political developments globally. The Islamic banks were developed due to religious requirements; hence, the competitive edge in the global field was edged out. The Islamic banks cannot compete globally and are ranked poorly out of the top hundred brackets. It is inevitable for the Islamic banking industry to explore future limits for a clearer vision to predict challenges obstacles and effective counter measures. Most of these banks operate well in specific environments. It is estimated that Islamic banking systems manage over US$ 250 billion with clientele around the world. Their client base is not restricted to Muslim countries but is spread well over Europe. The Isl amic banking system continues to grow tremendously. There are more than 260 worldwide Islam financial institutions in operation. Dubai Islamic Bank is the first fully-fledged Islamic bank. It has combined the best Islamic values and their traditional values as well. This is coupled with advanced technology and innovations of modern banking at its best. Dubai Islamic Bank was formed in 1975 and is established as a leader in the field of Islamic banking. The trend of Islamic banking is on the rise in the Arab world, and the Dubai Bank is a front-runner for others. Islamic banking is the fastest-growing economic agent in the world that comprises of many institutions with billions of dollars in assets under management. The role of Dubai Islamic Bank is impressive and the bank is true to its clients and roots. It is religiously and customer-centered institution with personal service and understanding. Significance of the study This study is vital for it will create information on the Isl amic bank clients’ reaction towards the Islamic institutions system of banking. The main consideration is the prohibiting of interest generation as per Islamic laws. The study is also aimed to provide more information on client benefits in the Islamic system compared to those in conventional systems of banking.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Islamic banking sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The benefits of the Islamic banking system are also subject to customer satisfaction, therefore, it is vital that the customers opinion on this area be viewed which the study aims to do. The study aims to make contributions, based on client responses, to socio-economic grasp on the Islamic banking systems and assist the clients make decisions on which system comprehensive choice in conventional systems of banking or Islamic systems of banking. Problem Statement The key aspects of the Islamic systems of banking in the region are the profit and loss sharing, transparent dealing, lack of interest, lack of speculation and no gambling. The banks also do not deal with unethical business and have just policies of employment Dubai bank is the example used to support the Islamic bank concept in the Middle East. Many previous works have been undertaken in this field with no clear-cut research on its drawbacks. This document aims to support research on the customer perspective of the benefits and loops of the Islamic banking concept. Customers of the Islamic banks weigh various options while considering the services offered. The banks are non-remunerative with extra returns for depositors of deposit accounts. There is greater risk in adjusted returns for customers who invest in Islamic banks indices. The findings of the study will aim to assist clients and potential clients make a clear decision on the banking systems. The Islamic banks are flourishing due to demand rather than supply. Therefore, thei r customer feedback will give a clear picture of customer satisfaction. This will assist it attaining indicator from the banks growth. Sharia laws have been enforced in many Arab nations and its teachings and laws propel more and more Muslims to be clients of the Islamic banking systems. This can be seen as the driving factor to the banks development.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This will therefore, mean that the banks are profiting from a client base that dejects it. The faith based concept of the Islamic banking system drives of many potential non-Muslim clients. The fact that religious wars in Islam have caused many grievances to the rest of the society, many perceive association of the banks with funding of unjustified holy wars. The concept of behind running the Islamic banks is a key indicator of the clients’ belief in the system. If the clients do not comprehend the working of the system, they will feel oppressed in that their money does not earn interest and yet the banks gain from their deposits. Policies of customer assistance in Islamic products will seek to address their reaction towards the Islamic system and the understanding of its functionality. Objective of the Study The general objective of this comprehensive study is to examine the customer awareness of Islamic systems of banking; this will look into their reaction of the performan ce and profit-and-loss sharing and recommendations for improvement generated. Specific Objectives To understand the customer reaction towards the Islam banking system To create recommendations of Islamic banking improvement based of the client feedback Hypotheses What are the customers’ views on Islamic banking system? In which way do the Islamic banking clients want their banking institution to change? Literature Review Islamic banking uses the principle of moneys not earning interest (Duncan 97). This ban is based upon Islamic ruling called Shariah. Since Muslims are not allowed to gain or pay interest, they are cannot conduct business with many conventional banks. To service the Muslim market, Islamic institutions of banking developed a wide range of financing instruments that do not gain interest (halal). The halal conforms to the Shariah ruling and is acceptable to the Muslim fraternity. Many Arabians before Islam, and later in Islam practiced this interest-free conc ept. For centuries, the banking system was used on a small scale, in the early 1970’s its commercial application started being used in the public domain. From this time, the concept has become a worldwide phenomenon. The concept has succeeded in many Islam countries, hence, the study on customer opinion and recommendations on growth. The lack of awareness of the key principle is the main point behind the constricted growth. The system would have achieved worldwide success amongst non Muslim and Muslims if the principles were highlighted clearly to impending clients. The religious concept has kept constricting the growth of the institution. Several surveys have been undertaken in the area to assist researchers understand the attitudes towards Islamic banking systems (Gafoor 69). These researches provide useful background information in the area of study. Most of these researches show that the client would generally be accepting of the Islamic banking systems if they were educa ted on their policies. Better understanding of their policies would establish a good relationship between clients and the organization. Ghannadian (41) conducted a study on perceptions customers toward Islamic banking in Malaysia. Many respondents proclaimed the main reasons for Islamic banking selection are based equally on economic considerations and religion. Majority of the clients also found the marketing of the product to be vague. The media has also errantly portrayed the Islamic banking concept. The international media perception of the Islamic banking system is hostile and undermining according to Arab news chief editor. Despite this fact, many respondents of that study believed that the industry had grown tremendously. Ghannadian (32) put forward that Islamic banking organizations should tremendously improve their services for customers satisfaction in their wants and requirements. In another study, quality of service is portrayed to be very important as an indicator for c ustomer understanding and customer satisfaction. Quality service delivery as per to customers expectations is vital. Gounaris (64) looked into the quality of service in the banking industry in greece and found an alternating influence per dimension of quality of service to the customer satisfaction. To retain the long-term customers and maintain an edge in the market service quality, it is vital and the key differentiation. In the financial sector, understanding customer’s expectations and needs is essential as a prerequisite. In Dubai, customer perception of quality of service is significantly different from conventional banks in the Islamic banking system. There are four dimensions reflected when comparing the Islamic banking systems and conventional system of banking. The values, image, reliability and personal skills are significant for the running of the conventional banking system. On the other hand, only value and skills are important in the Islamic banking system. Bet ter service delivery will in turn generate a lot o satisfied clients and consequent growth of the organization and its concepts. There were investigations by Boyd on selection criteria used by the institution. He based the ideas on demography and found many differences in quality of service and demography. In Muslim countries, males are made to do the financial obligations. Methodology There is a requirement for convincing evidence base to carry out this study. The evidence will guide the general process that generates the document. This process will use information sources extensively utilizing both traditional and other sources. It will make sure that adequate resources and information on Islamic banking systems is sort from a large collection of literature on the subject matter. To gain the objectives targeted, a process will be put in place that fast tracks attainment materials. These processes will be interlinked, for efficiently generated information. The process will involve both quantitative methods and qualitative methods for the generation of information. The qualitative methods will entail Methods used quantitatively will entail the following: Desk reviews of important data and previously complied reports available to gain a variety of aspects to be analyzed. No Main Objective Approaches for methodology 1 Undertake a critical, elaborate and comprehensive analysis of the present customer opinions on Islamic banking system Desk review and analysis of available data Literature reviews 2 Develop key recommendations on issues affecting Islamic banking systems Literature review The process will need consideration before hand of data available and more information on the Islamic banks to assess their quality, efficiency and effectiveness. Study Design This will be a descriptive study. It will also contain cross-sectional study to determine the opinions of customers on Islamic banking systems. The study targets customers of Dubai bank in the Unite d Arab Emirates. The Study Population The study will target a general cross-section of customers of the Islamic banks. This is to attain first hand information from the situation experienced by customers of these banks. A specific target population of customers of the Islamic bank of Dubai will be used. Sample size Determination There will be a sample size of 500 Islamic bank customers.The sample size will be determined using Fisher et al, (1999) formula, i.e. n =Z ²*pq/d ². Where n is the needed sample size, z is the normal standard deviate which is given as a constant of 3.24 which corresponds to 99% confidence interval, p is percentage of targetable customers. This gives a prevalence of 45% d is the degree of accuracy, and q is given as (1-p) which is 1-0.45=0.55 The sample size will be based on the precision (p- value = 0.45), and so n= {(3.24) ²*0.045*0.55}/ 0.05 ² n= 380 The sample size is increased to 600 in order to account for potential missing clients, refusals, an d spoilt questionnaires. (5% of 380) Data collection instruments The study will utilize highly structured interviewer administered questionnaires will be used. The tool will be subdivided into sections. It will be written both in multiple languages including Arabic and English. Pre-Testing of Tools The data collection tool will be pre-tested in selected areas in to assess its effectiveness and the feedback from the pre-test will be used to make the necessary adjustments on the tool. Training of Research Assistants To ensure quality data is collected, the researcher will recruit exceptionally qualified local enumerators. They will be trained for 4 days to attain certain skills and knowledge required to enable them produces results. They will be made familiar with interview conditions and variables being studied. They will be taken through interview schedules, question by question and they will be shown how to conduct interviews. Data Analysis Different analytical techniques will be u sed. The analysis on the awareness level on cervical cancer among women will be analysed using percentages. This approach has been used to explain the determinants of customer relations in Islamic banks in India. Relationships between categories of variables will be analysed using the Chi-square test. Chi-square testing has been used to explain relationship of determinants of willingness to go for screening for breast cancer among women in United Kingdom (Bose 68). The data analysis was both manual and electronic. The initial exercise of the data analysis started with the harmonization of dummy tables required to guide on the variables for electronic manipulation. Frequencies of identified variables were run in SPSS some of which were exported to Microsoft Excel for generation of graphs and charts. Various variables were also summarized manually in tables to assist in the analysis. Data Computerization and Verification I entered the data. Data was entered into Key Informant Questio nnaire (KHI) files. Quality control was conducted by systematic checking for outliers, coding errors, and impossible results. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis. Data cleaning At the end, of the data collection Manual data cleaning of questionnaires’ conducted. All queries and concerns were harmonized to ensure uniformity as prepared to develop the data entry screen. Data entry screen Data entry and manipulation was to be done in the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). The screen merged and harmonized into one Master sheet. Data entry Data entry was conducted. All the entered data was merged into one data set Master sheet. Ethical Considerations The research will be presented to Universities administration for clearance and approval. The document will be presented to other interested stakeholders. Participants in the research will be required to consent to participate. The purpose and objectives of the study, assurance of confidentiality and voluntary participation, anonymity, perceived benefits and possible risks before participating in the study will be explained to them. The participation will be voluntary. Dissemination Plan The result will be disseminated to the University and required Islamic banks institution. Further dissemination shall be through seminar presentations, workshops and report prints Limitations, delimitations and assumptions Assumptions For the project, the researcher assumes that the participants of his survey differ in attitude, experiences and perceptions. Other assumptions are that the participants understand the purpose of the survey and they respond accurately and honestly to the survey. Delimitations The study delimits to a specific banking institution. The customers come from one institution for easier control of participants. Bose, McGee. Islamic Investment: Risks and Returns. New York: Cengage Learning, 2008. Print. Duncan, Edmund. Efficiency, customer service an d financial performance. Dhabi: Inter. J. Bank Mark, 2004). Print. Gafoor , Michael. Commercial Banking Interest-Free. Washington: Noordeen, 2006. print. Ghannadian , Fred. Economy banking development: Islamic banks. New York: Sage, 2004. Print. Gounaris Seth. Service quality: Islamic Banking. New York: Routlegde, 2006. Print.

Disscusion 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Disscusion 3 - Essay Example The second session was easier because I had time to prepare, and I was aware of what to expect, and so I prepared a plan, statements and questions to aid in the therapy. At the end of the termination, I gave the couple some referrals to professional counselors in their area, and these were Carol Erb, Ph.D of Pathways Christian Counseling, Dwight Robinson M.A. and Kim Neese, MA of Professional Counseling. The success that was realized in these sessions was not only because of my counseling skills, but also because of the kind of interventions that I used for the therapy. Some of the approaches I used that worked effectively include assessment of genogram, which involved constituting relevant questions to help obtain relevant information involving each partner’s family history in genealogy, family therapy and treatment, as well as use of questionnaires. Other approaches include, building love maps, which is achieved through constituting question, which will help to gauge knowledge of inner psychological world, fears, joys, hopes and his or her history. This to measure cognitive room partners possess for their relationship, and finally, involve the couple in a conversation session on how they met, what ideologies they share and differs. The PIAR2 Test was the primary assignment that I gave to the couple and as expected it contributed enormously to the intervention and success of achieving counseling goals. The most helpful aspects of the PAIR2 test were the scales, in which the couple showed compatibility and those that they showed extreme disparity. For example, the couple showed disparity in Order and Routine and also Social Status while compatibility was witnessed in Self-Acceptance, Change and Variety, Esthetic Pleasures among others. These helped in exploring the strengths and weaknesses of the parties, and consequently help them understand one

Individual report investigating the mobile phone usage by the UBIC Essay

Individual report investigating the mobile phone usage by the UBIC students - Essay Example The increase in use of smart phones in this institution has grown to the height that is commercially important especially to the mobile manufacturing companies. This was the major reason behind conducting a research on the use of mobile phones in this institution. There were several driving factors towards conducting this kind of research. An escalating use of mobile phones had raised legitimate concerns that were both positive and negative in different ways. Some could be derailing education while others were equally profitable. In the aspect of profitability the use of mobile phones in this institution could be exploited businesswise. This includes; to know if students use mobile phones in the University of Brighton’s International College and the type of mobile phones they use, to know their rate of use of the mobile devices, to determine the impact of the use of mobile phone in this institution, to help know how viable the business of selling mobile phones could be, to gather vital information that could be useful in improving the quality of education in the institution, to determine how various mobile applications are useful to consumers, specifically students and how their usage could lead the growth of mobile business. Several data elicitation methods were put into place with the primary source of data gathering being face to face interview and questionnaire filling in. Nevertheless, every aspect of data gathering methodology was vital in the final report. The following were the methods used in finding out what exactly was going on in the institution. Interview has been one of the major data gathering methodology of all time since it involves one on interaction with the correspondent. This therefore leads to gathering of first hand information that could reflect the true state of the mind of sincere correspondents. In this study thirty students from in The University of Brighton’s International

The Role of Women During World War II Research Paper

The Role of Women During World War II - Research Paper Example However, the high adulation that women have today as the equal of men did not always exist. The Suffragette era saw women fighting to have equal rights and opportunities with their male counterparts. But just like everything else in this world, time and circumstance forced a change in that point of view. When World War II rolled along, the United States government saw shortage in the workforce that has never been equaled since. The only solution to that problem at the time? Hire women to do the job of men. They were the most viable option. They were, the only option. Although the government and the business sector had qualms about hiring women in the workforce, most specially women who were mothers with little children, the existence of huge government contracts in the industrial field of automotive, aviation, and other sectors developed a shortage of workers due to the high volume of men leaving the workforce in order to join the war time efforts of the country. Coupled with the men leaving for war was the fact that the country was gripped by the Great Depression which forced some men out of jobs. With the lessened financial drawing power of the head of the household, most wives and mothers saw it fit to do their part in helping to support their family. So off to work they went. Women became such a huge and integral part of the workforce that the statistics from that era proves that they held important jobs and more than made up for the lack of men in the workforce. Doing jobs that were once reserved only for the brawn of men prior to the changes that wartime brought about (â€Å"Women in World War II†): The entry of married women into the work place caused their percentage of total female employment to grow 28% from 1929 to 1940, particularly women in the 25 to 44 age group increased 13.8%. In total, 50% of the women in the nonagricultural labour force were employed by the clerical and service sectors of the economy, they encompassed the majority of ur ban working-class women. It did not come as a surprise to many that the women who entered the workforce did so successfully during the time. The great sex divide among men and women of the era had the women forcibly relegated to the background, staying at home to tend to the needs of the family. Proir to the war, any woman who was seen as part of the workforce was frowned upon and shunned by men. However, just like all mindsets, the time was ripe for the change in the mindset of the working man when it came to the working woman. The forced expansion in the labor workforce offered the female sector of society a boost in their campaign for equal rights. The government got a boost from the entry of the female workforce who became the backbone of the American economy during the simultanuous battles against Hitler in Europe and Japan in Asia. World War II afforded the women a chance to sieze an opportunity to work in new jobs, learn new skills, and explore new opportunities (â€Å"Partn ers in Winning the War: American Women in World War II†). Although women were truly a â€Å"secret weapon† for the country during the war, the traditionalists in society could not help but worry about what repercussions their serious entry into the workforce would have on the American family dynamic. More specifically, what effect would having a working mother have on the children of the time? Their worry was based on the traditional point of view that saw the women as the beacon of light and guidance in the home without whom its younger members would fall astray. Although there was a small percentage of juvenile delinquency during the time, most of the children of the era knew that there was a battle raging overrseas and their mothers were part of

Defining A Therapeutic Relationship Between Patient And Nurse Nursing Essay

Defining A Therapeutic Relationship Between Patient And Nurse Nursing Essay In this assignment the author is going to explore what is a therapeutic relationship, by defining it and describing what elements and skills are necessary to uphold an efficient therapeutic relationship with a patient. The assignment shall explore how Multi disciplinary teams contribute to achieving a therapeutic relationship. It further will explore what governs a therapeutic relationship according to the code of practice set by the nursing governing body, the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), putting into consideration what is expected from nurses as health professionals. Being Self aware is a crucial attribute in order to maintain a therapeutic relationship, so the writer shall give a brief definition of what self awareness is ,and explain the significance of being self aware within a therapeutic relations and relate it to an incident that happened in practice that made them more self aware. The therapeutic relationship is fundamental to the care of a patient and was described in the 1950s by famous psychotherapist Carl Rodgers .Rogers defines it as a helping relationship, A relationship in which one of the participants intends that there should come about, in one or both parties, more appreciation of, more expression of, more functional use of the latent inner resources of the individual (Rodgers 1961). Other authors have come up with various definitions but they are all closely linked to that of Rodgers, Jane Stein-Parbury (2000) suggests it is unilateral because the nurse maintains most control and it is usually short or average duration, with the patient facing a non threatening situation. However (Stuart 2001) defined a therapeutic relationship As a mutual learning experience and a corrective, emotional experience for the patient (cited in Cutliffe and Mckenna 2005.P.304) For a therapeutic relationship to work effectively, certain elements need to be upheld and followed, such as showing warmth towards your patient, being respectful by showing the patient that they are individual and a unique being. Dignity of the patient puts the patient at ease and they feel more valued and may in turn open up more to the nurse which aids their treatment. Demonstrating professionalism assures the patient that they are in capable hands and will effectively build trust about your capabilities. Carl Rodgers highlighted that the three core components of a therapeutic relationship are empathy, which is defined as: a continuing process whereby the counsellor lay aside her own way of experiencing and perceiving reality, preferring to sense and respond to the experience and perceptions of her client. (Mearns and Thorne, 2005, p.41) Where there is lack of empathy expression, patients may be left with a sense of isolation, which have an effect on their treatment plan. The sec ond crucial element that was highlighted by Rodgers as being essential is having unconditional positive regard towards patients or client which is a label given to the fundamental attitude of the person-centred counsellor towards her client. The counsellor who holds this attitude provides care for the individual irrespective of what beliefs and values the individual (patient) may hold. (Mearns and Thorne,2005 p 64). In other words unconditional positive regards is being non judgmental towards a patient regardless of what the care provider believes or values themselves. Unconditional positive regard should ideally commence on the onset the relationship between patient and nurse. Other elements that constitute a therapeutic relationship include, maintaining confidentiality, and treating people as individuals at all time, good record keeping (NMC 2008). For Therapeutic relationships to be successfully applied and implemented, nurses have to acquire certain skills to achieve this. To instate a strong therapeutic relationship a practitioner should consider their interpersonal communication skills with the patient. There are two forms of interpersonal communication skills, which are non-verbal and verbal communication. Non-verbal communication skills are a very effective way to convey a message, empathy and active listening. Egan formulated a communication tool which aids to effective non-verbal communication skill, the skills are summarized by the acronym SOLER, meaning sitting squarely with an open posture, leaning forward to show your interest maintaining eye contact at all times showing that you are relaxed, not fidgeting nervously. Argyle (1994) suggested the main forms of non-verbal communication as, facial expression, gaze, body movement, gesture, partial behaviour, clothing and behaviour. (Cited by Rana, Upton, 2009, ). Verbal skills are too, an essential part of interpersonal communication, these include techniques such as paraphrasing; this is where by a nurse rephrases what has been stated by the patient into their own words, i.e. by saying in other words. (Jane Stein -Parbury). Other methods of active listening are to parrot what the patient has said; this shows you have clearly heard what they have said. Practitioners should also be able to know when to use open and closed questions in the appropriate manner and time, for this skill can easily perceived as uncaring and unprofessional when not adopted carefully. In conclusion to what has been talked about, nurse and patient should reflect on what they said. Heron (2001) stated that a there are six tools of a clients needs. Herons model has two basic categories, authoritative and facilitative. These two categories further breakdown into a total six categories to describe how people intervene when helping. Authoritative Interventions are Prescriptive, which is giving advice, Informative where you provide information to guide the other person, Confronting- you challenge the other persons behaviour in an unaggressive attitude. Facilitative Interventions include: Cathartic-you help the other person to express and overcome thoughts or emotions that they have not previously confronted. Catalytic- You help the other person reflect, and they become more self-directed in making decisions. Supportive- You build up the confidence of the other person by focusing on their competences, qualities and achievements. A multi disciplinary team (MDTs) is important in the care of a patient. A multi disciplinary team is a group of professionals from different disciplines, who have a role in contributing to an assessment of an individuals needs. This should include two health professionals, i.e. nurse, clinician or therapist, as well as a representative from social care services, i.e. a social worker (NHS 2010). Chan (2004) argued that the main mechanism is to ensure truly holistic care for patients and a seamless service for patients throughout their disease trajectory and across the boundaries of primary, secondary and tertiary care. Multi disciplinary teams ensure a continuum in patients care and can be 24 hours. Different professions bring different type of care to the patient. MDTs can however come to conflict, if they demonstrate allegiance to their profession. Junor, Hole Gillis (1994) states that multidisciplinary team working is known to maximise clinical effectiveness, Multi disciplinary teams have enabled health professionals to adopt the clinical care pathways where different teams within the organization outline anticipated care, place an appropriate timeframe, to help a patient with a specific condition or set of symptoms move progressively through a clinical experience to positive outcomes. In a multi disciplinary team within a healthcare setting, one may expect to work with doctors, social workers, psychologists, occupational therapists, health care assistants (HCAs) and other related professions. A therapeutic relationship within nursing follows the code of professional code of practice which was set by Nursing and Midwifery Council [NMC], which acts as the governing body for nurses and midwives in the United Kingdom which was formed in 2002 by parliament. Its main objective is to safeguard the health and wellbeing of the public,(NMC 2008).The NMC outlines that Nurses should always uphold the patients respect at all times, it states that nurses should always treat people as individuals and respect their dignity. Nurses should respect patient confidentiality, and uphold it at all times, breach of confidentiality can lead to serious consequences for health professionals (NMC 2008) including disciplinary actions such as suspension or being struck off the NMC register. Consent is very important in patient care; its the opening avenue for any care that follows. NMC states the every adult must be presumed to have the mental capacity to consent or refuse treatment. Patient care is a lways going through different multi disciplinary teams therefore accurately record keeping is crucial, it should be factual ,not falsified, and clearly legible (NMC 2010), these are some of the factors that insure accurate information is passed on to different care givers to maximise effective care for the patient. Nurses endure different feelings and emotions when interacting or treating patients, which calls for them to be more self aware, Duval and Wuckland defines self awareness as a state in which one is aware of oneself as an object, much as one might be aware of a tree or another person (cited by Rana and Upton 2009. p142).For a nurse to be self aware they need to treat each patient as individuals and present themselves appropriately. Patients have a plethora of beliefs and values, which always come into play in any given care setting. Beliefs can be associated with patients religion and culture, such as that of Muslims, to only eat halaal meat, a nurse has to be aware of this dietary requirement and honour it. Equally beliefs also play a vital role in the treatment of a patient, so a provision to fulfil this should be met at all time, i.e. providing a chapel in the hospital. Values of a patient are crucial when in care. Downie, R. S. 1990 stated that values are preferences based on beliefs about objects, persons, or situations and are accompanied by feelings of approval or disapproval. Patients of a different culture will most certainly have different values based on what they were brought up on. On any given care setting, the way in which nurses present themselves to patients is of utmost importance, their body posture is a critical aid to supplement being self aware, and nurses can use SOLER (Egan 2001) to ensure they achieve this. In practice, the author recalls an incident when a 92 year old lady was referred to their practice for assessment on every Wednesday of the week. On arrival the lady would engage in social activities with fellow patients. The staff provide the lady with a menu relevant to her culture of West Indian background, The staff fulfilled their role in being self aware on her values and diversity, During the meal, staff began to talk about a holiday abroad and how the food made their bowel move rapidly, and how they really found the food disgusting. The lady did initially try to express her frustration of the conversations the staff were having whilst she was trying to enjoy. She eventually stopped having her meal as she found it not appetizing anymore, staff recorded that the patient had poor dietary at dinner time, and they were not self aware that they were the catalyst for the poor intake of her food. Had the staff been more self aware of their presentations, they would have considered that different cultures have different table manners. In conclusion an effective therapeutic relationship is accomplished by good verbal and non verbal communication. Respecting individuality, beliefs, values, this promotes good recovery and openness between nurse and patient. A therapeutic relationship is not just between a patients and nurse but can, and often extends to other multi disciplinary teams. The therapeutic relationship can never be stated as fully complete, but can be made more effective, because different patients have different opinions i.e. different experiences in previous care, and different values and beliefs.

The Significance of Religion in Hamlet Essay -- Hamlet Essays

Summary -The tragedy of Hamlet is one of the most important of Shakespeare’s plays and one that is published and performed as part of the rainbow of world literature. This paper investigates the role of religion for the characters and their actions, and presents a new interpretation using religion to understand the characters’ motives. The paper concludes that although Christianity is the main influence on Hamlet, Shakespeare also used Grecian religious symbols. Hamlet suffered from a psychological shock, then re-evaluated the events around him in light of his religious views. Hamlet reveals how Shakespeare used his ability in rhetoric to create a religious message about the church and re-created the values of right and wrong according to his own view. ******************************************************************************** Undoubtedly, it is difficult to find free space in the land of the battle which thousands of horses’ hooves have crushed; similarly, when researching Hamlet, one finds a plethora of papers in diverse fields including philosophy, religion, feminism, literature, psychology, culture, and history covering a wide range of aspects of the play. This study examines the function of religion for the people and events of Hamlet, offering a different perspective on the characters’ motives. The essay begins with a summary of the play, and then discusses the characters, especially the protagonist, to elicit the influence of religion. The central questions which this paper will address are: Are the characters ‘believers’? Was the main protagonist, Hamlet, a believer? Is faith given a positive or negative value in the play? To what extent does religion help us to illustrate and understand the play’s events? Was ... ...: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. Available from: http://books.google.com.sa/books?id=irM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=%22+that+the+night-wandering+demons,+who+rejoice+in+dunnest+shades,+at+the+crowing+of+the+cock+tremble+and+scatter+in+sore+affright.%22%22&source=bl&ots=6S_hg403jd&sig=lBs136cVBCxXXStXAmQQTt9AxRk&hl=ar&ei=QnfQS7T4I4v3-Aap6YA0&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22%20that%20the%20night-wandering%20demons%2C%20who%20rejoice%20in%20dunnest%20shades%2C%20at%20the%20crowing%20of%20the%20cock%20tremble%20and%20scatter%20in%20sore%20affright.%22%22&f=false [accessed 20 April - 2015] Voss, P. 2002 'Assurances of Faith: How Catholic was Shakespeare? How Catholic are his Plays?' Crisis 20, No. 7 (July/August), pp. 34-39. It is available from: http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/arts/al0147.html [Accessed 24 April 2015]